Sustainable Hacks

Introduction

Produced by the BDA with the committee of the BDA Sustainable Diets Specialist Group and the nutrition and science team at Alpro.

Our thanks to all the BDA members who engaged with this competition and resource development.

Particular acknowledgement to:

  • Our judges: Stela Chervenkova, Beth Rougier and Ruth Harvey (on behalf of the BDA Sustainable Diets Group), Kate Arthur (on behalf of Alpro) and Elphee Medici (on behalf of Nutrilicious)
  • Nutrilicious for providing the environmental and nutritional analysis
  • Our winners: Raphael Allerton, Ellena Barlow, Ceris Devereux, Felicia Nicol, Elaine Penman, Tabitha Ward

A powerful tool to help bring down barriers to eating more sustainably

Our winning hacks! Click the links above to see the full details.

Helping people adopt more sustainable eating patterns for themselves has never been more urgent for human or planetary health. Changing consumer dietary behaviour is challenging, and we want to inspire people to shift their focus on eating sustainably.

Our meal hacks are an excellent way to show that sustainable eating simply means shifting the balance and making just one or two small changes to everyday favourite and familiar meals and snacks.

How to use these videos

Members told us they wanted practical tools with more information on ‘how-to’ make switches to motivate the public to make these crucial shifts so we have made these specifically for you to share!

We want to help make as many people as possible think about healthier and more sustainable swaps which they can use in everyday life, so please share these videos via your social media accounts, in presentations, on your own websites and help us spread the word!

To use on social media keep an eye on #BDASustainableDiets to see them as they go out.

To use in a presentation or on your website, you can embed them from our YouTube:

Please use these acknowledgements - from The British Dietetic Association and link to https://www.bda.uk.com/resource/sustainable-hacks.html

Win - Win!

Background

Hack Criteria

To create an impactful resource which dietitians can share with the public so that they can act on the information, careful consideration was given to the criteria.

We asked dietitians to:

  1. Provide clear details about the swap with regard to what has changed from the original meal to the sustainable hack

  2. Consider all eating and drinking occasions across the day - including breakfast, lunch, dinner, snacks, drinks
  3. Consider practicality and relevance to ‘average’ UK consumer
  4. The smaller the deviation, the greater the reality of consumers adopting.  Aim for minimal degree of deviation between the original meal and swap.
  5. Sustainable swap/hack to be significantly increased in healthy plant-based ingredients.
  6. Add on further deviations that could be made
  7. Consider price implications – the switch should not cost more than the original
  8. Outline the environmental and nutritional impact of the hack

A social media and digital marketing campaign was launched to engage members with the competition and we received 30 entries over six weeks. The submissions were of a very high standard and clearly showed that generally the dietitians and student dietitians has taken on board the key recommendations from the One Blue Dot Reference guide.

Our judging panel (with dietitians representing the BDA Sustainable Diets Specialist Group and dietitians representing project supporter Alpro) assembled to review to entries. They selected the top 5 against the criteria set out.

The winning hacks were the ones which most clearly articulated the simple swaps required to improve the nutritional value of the meal and its contribution towards a more sustainable eating pattern.

Porridge

Porridge Hack

From Ellena Barlow & Felicia Nicol, Dietitians, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

 

Recipe 

Serves: 1

ORIGINAL

HACK 1 – Berry bowl

Ingredients

40g porridge oats

200mls semi-skimmed dairy milk

2 tsp sugar

 

 

Ingredients

40g porridge oats

200mls (calcium-fortified, unsweetened) soya drink

Toppings

80g mixed berries (bought frozen and defrosted)

1 tbsp vanilla soya alternative to yogurt

1 dessert spoon flaked almonds

 

Nutritional analysis

 

 

Original Porridge

Berry Bowl Hack

 

100g

Per serving

211g

%RI

100g

Per serving
304g

%RI

kJ

555

1,1701

14%

432

1313

16%

Kcal

131

276

14%

102

311

16%

Fat g

3.1

6.6

9%

3.4

10.4

15%

Saturated fats g

1.3

2.7

14%

0.5

1.5

8%

Carbs g

21.9

46.1

18%

12.9

39.1

15%

Sugars g

8.5

17.9

20%

3.4

10.4

12%

Fibre g

1.5

3.1

10%

2.3

7.1

24%

Protein g

5.4

11.4

23%

4.4

13.5

27%

Salt g

0.10

0.22

4%

0.07

0.20

3%

Portion of 5 a day

Original Porridge

Berry Bowl Hack

0 1

 

Download the full nutritional analysis with vitamin and mineral values

Carbon footprint analysis

Method and references available in tab above

Carbon footprint (kg CO2 equiv. per single serve) reduction

kg CO2 equiv. values per serving

Ingredient with biggest contribution to reduction in carbon footprint

Down 14%

Classic: 0.303

Berry bowl hack: 0.260

Shift from dairy milk to soya drink


Nutritional analysis - References

  1. Forestfield Software Ltd. Diet Plan version 7.00.56: McCance & Widdowson's 7th summary editions of The Composition of Foods plus the revised Composition of Foods integrated data set (CoFids) forming the complete UK Nutrient Databank. Patent Diet Plan7. 2019.

  2. Plant-based drinks and alternative to yogurts: http://www.alpro.com

The nutritional analysis was completed using products from Alpro:

Soya No Sugars drink

Vanilla flavoured alternative to yogurt

Burger

Sustainable Hacks - Burger

From Elaine Penman, Student Dietitian, Glasgow Caledonian University - student led project 'Sustainable Food ABC'

Recipe

Serves: 4   Prep time: 10mins   Cook time: 15 mins

ORIGINAL

HACK*

Ingredients

500g 10% fat steak mince

40g white breadcrumbs

1 small onion (chopped)

3 Sprigs of Fresh Parsley or 1 tbsp Dried Parsley

1 tbsp dried mixed herbs

1 medium whole egg

1 tbsp Dijon mustard

Good pinch salt and pepper

4 White seeded burger buns

Toppings per person

Lettuce leaves

2-3 slices tomatoes

A slice of onion

Cucumber 2-3 pieces

Grated carrot

Sliced Gherkins

Accompaniments per person

Coleslaw (standard) ~2 large spoonfuls

165g fried chips

 

Ingredients

200g lean steak mince (3-5% fat)

175g green lentils rinsed and drained

40g brown breadcrumbs (approx. 2 slices)

1 small onion (chopped)

3 Sprigs of Fresh Parsley or 1 tbsp Dried Parsley

1 tbsp dried mixed herbs

1 medium whole egg

1 tbsp Wholegrain mustard

4 Wholegrain Buns

Add additional seasoning to suit personal preferences

Toppings per person

Lettuce leaves

2-3 slices tomatoes

A slice of onion

Cucumber 2-3 pieces

Grated carrot

Sliced Gherkins

Accompaniments per person

80g side salad

165g potato wedges - oven baked with oil

Standard burger method – combine all ingredients and shape into burgers.

Shallow fry the burgers.

  1. Preheat grill, griddle device (e.g. George Forman) or BBQ
  2. Place onion and parsley in the processor until finely chopped
  3. Add the lean mince, drained lentils and herbs and process until combined maintaining texture (i.e. not smooth) 
  4. Remove the blended mixture from the processer and add to the breadcrumbs
  5. Add in the whole egg and mustard and bind together. 
  6. Freestyle or use a skillet press / burger tool to create four individual patties to suit the size of roll
  7. Cook under the grill (turning half-way) for approximately 15 minutes.   Ensure the patty is cooked all the way through before serving and juices (including fats) are allowed to drain away.
  8. Stack in burger bun as desired (vegetables at the top or bottom) or serve as an open burger with accompaniments.

Nutritional analysis

 

Original Burger

50/50 Lentil Meat Hack

 

100g

Per serving

563g

%RI

100g

Per serving

588g

%RI

kJ

714

4,016

48%

454

2,669

32%

Kcal

170

955

48%

107

630

32%

Fat g

7.1

39.8

57%

2

13.9

20%

Saturated fats g

1.6

8.8

44%

0.5

3.1

16%

Carbs g

19.4

109.1

42%

16.8

98.8

38%

Sugars g

2.6

14.6

16%

2.2

13.1

15%

Fibre g

2.2

12.2

41%

2.8

16.4

55%

Protein g

7.8

43.7

87%

5.4

32

64%

Salt g

0.38

2.16

36%

0.3

1.59

27%

Portion of 5 a day

Original

Hack

2

2


Download the full nutritional analysis with vitamin and mineral values

Carbon footprint analysis

Method and references available in tab above

Carbon footprint (kg CO2 equiv. per single serve) reduction

kg CO2 equiv. values per serving

Ingredient with biggest contribution to reduction in carbon footprint

Down 51%

Classic: 5.31

Hack: 2.58

97% of the reduction attributable to reducing red meat by more than half and replacing with plant proteins - lentils.

 

Nutritional analysis - References

  1. Forestfield Software Ltd. Diet Plan version 7.00.56: McCance & Widdowson's 7th summary editions of The Composition of Foods plus the revised Composition of Foods integrated data set (CoFids) forming the complete UK Nutrient Databank. Patent Diet Plan7. 2019.

* Based on a recipe from Good Housekeeping

Tikka Masala

Sustainable Hacks - Tikka masala

From Ceris Devereux, Dietitian

Recipe

Serves: 4

ORIGINAL

HACK

Ingredients

8 chicken thighs, with skin

3 tbsp ghee

3 onions, chopped

200ml double cream

4 garlic cloves, crushed

1 tbsp minced ginger

2 tsp ground cumin

2 tsp garam masala

2 tsp paprika

2 x 400g can chopped tomatoes

 

Served with

240g (dried) Basmati white rice

Lassi

2 x fresh Mangoes

800g natural low-fat dairy yogurt

 

Ingredients

4 chicken thigh fillets, skin removed

1 x 400g canned chickpeas, drained

1 tbsp vegetable (rapeseed) oil

3 onions, chopped

200g Unsweetened soya alternative to yogurt

4 garlic cloves

1 tbsp minced ginger

2 tsp ground cumin

2 tsp garam masala

2 tsp paprika

2 x 400g can chopped tomatoes

Served with

Wholemeal flatbread (instead of rice)

120g wholemeal flour

½ tsp baking powder

Small pinch salt

120g unsweetened soya alternative to yogurt

Seasonal side salad (80g per person)

Lassi

320g season local sourced fruit/berries or frozen varieties.

800g plain soya with almond alternative to yogurt

Curry

  1. Fry onions until golden in ghee
  2. Add garlic and spices cook for 5 minutes
  3. Set this aside in a dish. Use the same pan to gently cook chopped chicken thighs for 7 minutes until cooked through.
  4. Combine chopped tomatoes with onion and spice mixture.
  5. Stir in double cream
  6. Simmer
  7. Served with cooked Basmati rice

 

Lassi

Blend with a handheld or upright blender.

Curry

  1. Fry onions until golden in ghee
  2. Add garlic and spices cook for 5 minutes
  3. Set this aside in a dish. Use the same pan to gently cook chopped chicken thighs for 7 minutes until cooked through.
  4. Add the chopped tomatoes, chickpeas and onion, garlic and spice mixture to the chicken
  5. Stir in the unsweetened soya alternative to yogurt and mix everything well
  6. Simmer until everything is heated through

Flatbreads

  1. Add ingredients to a mixing bowl
  2. Bring together with hands
  3. Dust a clear work surface with flour
  4. Knead dough on work surface
  5. Set aside to rise 1 hour
  6. Roll out dough divide into 4 flatbreads
  7. With your hands flatten and make round
  8. Place griddle pan on high heat and cook for 2 minutes on each side

Lassi: Blend with a handheld or upright blender.

Nutritional analysis

 

Original Tikka

50/50 Tikka Hack

 

100g

Per serving

818g

%RI

100g

Per serving

807g

%RI

kJ

569

4,654

55%

347

2,798

33%

Kcal

136

1,112

56%

82

665

33%

Fat g

7.8

63.9

91%

3

24.8

35%

Saturated fats g

3.8

31.4

157%

0.5

4.4

22%

Carbs g

11.4

92.9

36%

7.5

60.2

23%

Sugars g

5

41.2

46%

3.3

26.5

29%

Fibre g

1.1

9.1

30%

2.3

18.4

61%

Protein g

6

49

98%

6.5

52.5

105%

Salt g

0.09

0.73

12%

0.2

1.25

21%

Portion of 5 a day

Original

Hack

3 5


Download the full nutritional analysis with vitamin and mineral values

Carbon footprint analysis

Method and references available in tab above

Carbon footprint (kg CO2 equiv. per single serve) reduction

kg CO2 equiv. values per serving

Ingredient with biggest contribution to reduction in carbon footprint

Down 16%

Classic: 2.50

Hack: 2.108

Chicken and poultry not as significant to the carbon footprint as red meat.

Shifting from ghee to vegetable oil, using seasonal berries and plant-based alternative to yogurt were the main attributors to reducing the footprint.

 

Nutritional analysis - References

  1. Forestfield Software Ltd. Diet Plan version 7.00.56: McCance & Widdowson's 7th summary editions of The Composition of Foods plus the revised Composition of Foods integrated data set (CoFids) forming the complete UK Nutrient Databank. Patent Diet Plan7. 2019.

  2. Plant-based drinks and alternative to yogurts: http://www.alpro.com

The nutritional analysis was completed using products from Alpro:

Plain No Sugars alternative to yogurt

Plain with Almond alternative to yogurt

Shepherd's Pie

Sustainable Hacks - Shepherd's pie

From Tabitha Ward, Dietitian, Leicestershire County Council

Recipe

Serves: 4

ORIGINAL

HACK

Ingredients

1 tbsp sunflower oil

1 large onion, chopped

2-3 medium carrots, chopped

500g pack 20% fat lamb mince

2 tbsp tomato purée

large splash Worcestershire sauce

500ml beef stock

900g potato, cut into chunks

Good pinch salt and pepper

85g salted butter

3 tbsp semi-skimmed dairy milk

 

Ingredients

1 tbsp sunflower oil

1 large onion, chopped

2-3 medium carrots, chopped

250g mycoprotein mince

2 tbsp tomato purée

large splash Worcestershire sauce

300ml reduced salt vegetable or beef stock

1 400g can green lentils, drained

200g potato, cut into chunks

300g butternut squash, cut into chunks

30g PUFA spread

3 tbsp semi-skimmed dairy milk

Served with

320g broccoli, boiled

320g carrots, boiled

  1. Heat 1 tbsp sunflower oil in a medium saucepan, then soften 1 chopped onion and 2-3 chopped carrots for a few mins.
  2. When soft, turn up the heat, crumble in 500g lamb mince and brown, tipping off any excess fat.
  3. Add 2 tbsp tomato purée and a large splash of Worcestershire sauce, then fry for a few mins.
  4. Pour over 500ml beef stock, bring to a simmer, then cover and cook for 40 mins, uncovering halfway.
  5. Meanwhile, heat the oven to 180C/ fan 160C/ gas 4, then make the mash. Boil the 900g potato, cut into chunks, in salted water for 10-15 mins until tender. Drain, then mash with 85g butter and 3 tbsp milk.
  6. Put the mince into an ovenproof dish, top with the mash and ruffle with a fork. The pie can now be chilled and frozen for up to a month.
  7. Bake for 20-25 mins until the top is starting to colour and the mince is bubbling through at the edges. (To bake from frozen, cook at 160C/fan 140C/gas 3 for 1 hr-1 hr 20 mins until piping hot in the centre. Flash under the grill to brown, if you like.)
  8. Leave to stand for 5 mins before serving.
  1. Heat 1 tbsp sunflower oil in a medium saucepan, then soften 1 chopped onion and 2-3 chopped carrots for a few mins.
  2. When soft, turn up the heat, crumble in the mycoprotein mince and brown.
  3. Add 2 tbsp tomato purée and a large splash of Worcestershire sauce, then fry for a few mins.
  4. Pour over 300ml reduced salt stock, bring to a simmer, then cover and cook for 30 mins, uncovering halfway.  Add the drained lentils and stir well, and simmer uncovered for another 10 minutes.
  5. Meanwhile, heat the oven to 180C/ fan 160C/ gas 4, then make the mash. Boil the potatoes and butternut squash, for 10-15 mins until tender. Drain, then mash with the PUFA spread and milk.
  6. Put the mycoprotein and lentil mixture into an ovenproof dish, top with the mash and ruffle with a fork. The pie can now be chilled and frozen for up to a month.
  7. Bake for 20-25 mins until the top is starting to colour and the mince is bubbling through at the edges. (To bake from frozen, cook at 160C/fan 140C/gas 3 for 1 hr-1 hr 20 mins until piping hot in the centre. Flash under the grill to brown, if you like.)
  8. Leave to stand for 5 mins before serving.

Nutritional analysis

 

 

Original Shepherd’s Pie

Quorn/Vegan Hack

 

100g

Per serving

528g

%RI

100g

Per serving

536g

%RI

kJ

566

2,989

36%

277

1,483

18%

Kcal

135

716

36%

66

352

18%

Fat g

8.6

45.6

65%

2

10.5

15%

Saturated fats g

4.5

23.7

119%

0.4

2.3

12%

Carbs g

10.1

53.6

21%

8.1

43.2

17%

Sugars g

2

10.6

12%

3.5

18.6

21%

Fibre g

1.4

7.4

25%

3.2

17.1

57%

Protein g

5.2

27.2

54%

3.7

20

40%

Salt g

0.35

1.86

31%

0.1

0.68

11%

Portion of 5 a day

Original

Hack

1 4


Download the full nutritional analysis with vitamin and mineral values

Carbon footprint analysis

Method and references available in tab above

Carbon footprint (kg CO2 equiv. per single serve) reduction

kg CO2 equiv. values per serving

Ingredient with biggest contribution to reduction in carbon footprint

Down 81%

Classic: 5.31

Hack: 0.99
Majority of the drop in footprint due to replacing 100% lamb in the original recipe with a combination of mycoprotein and green lentils.

 

Nutritional analysis - References

  1. Forestfield Software Ltd. Diet Plan version 7.00.56: McCance & Widdowson's 7th summary editions of The Composition of Foods plus the revised Composition of Foods integrated data set (CoFids) forming the complete UK Nutrient Databank. Patent Diet Plan7. 2019.

  2. Mycoprotein values from: Quorn Website for Health Professionals - What is mycoprotein - Micronturients Profile  https://www.quornnutrition.com/importance-of-micronutrients

 

 

Kofta

Sustainable Hacks - Kofta

From Raphael Allerton, Dietitian, Oxleas NHS Foundation Trust

Recipe

Serves: 4

ORIGINAL

HACK

Ingredients

500g 20% lamb mince

1 onion, finely chopped

~30g panko breadcrumbs

2 cloves garlic, crushed

1 tbsp chopped fresh coriander

1 tbsp chopped fresh parsley

2 tsp ground cumin

1½ tbsp ras el hanout

1¼ tsp salt

½ tsp black pepper

 

Served with

Tzatziki

½ a large cucumber, grated

350g 5% fat Greek-style yogurt

2 tbsp extra virgin olive oil

2 clove garlic, crushed

1 tbsp white vinegar

1 tbsp chopped fresh mint or 1 tsp dried mint

½ tsp salt

 

White pitta bread x 4

Mixed salad of chopped white cabbage, tomatoes, cucumber & onions. (~50g per person)

Ingredients

2 x 400g canned green lentils, drained

1 onion, finely chopped

2 cloves garlic, crushed

1 medium egg (or 2 tbsp ground flaxseeds with water)

100g oats

1 tbsp chopped fresh coriander

1 tbsp chopped fresh parsley

1 tsp ground cumin

1 tbsp ras el hanout

Zest of 1 lemon

A tiny pinch of salt

A good ground of pepper

 

Served with

Tzatziki

½ a large cucumber, grated

350g Greek-style soya alternative to yogurt

2 tbsp extra virgin olive oil

2 clove garlic, crushed

1 tbsp white vinegar

1 tbsp chopped fresh mint or 1 tsp dried mint

A small pinch of salt

 

Wholemeal pitta bread x 4

Mixed salad of chopped white cabbage, tomatoes, cucumber & onions. (~80g per person)

  1. In a bowl, add all the Kofta ingredients and mix well with your hands.
  2. With damp hands, divide the meat into 8 equal pieces and push and shape the meat onto 8 skewers.
  3. To grill: preheat and cook koftas 30cm/10" from heat source for 12 minutes, rotating as needed until lightly browned.

Tzatziki:

  1. Not essential, but for best results, place the grated cucumber inside a fine (muslin) cloth and allow to drain in the fridge sitting in a sieve over a bowl for 4 hours or overnight.
  2. Mix well the yogurt, oil, crushed garlic cloves, vinegar, dried mint (if using) and salt in a container, seal and refrigerate for 2-4 hours or overnight.
  3. Just before serving, combine the cucumber, fresh mint (if using), and the yogurt mixture together.

Serve the kofta with toasted pitta bread, tzatziki, and salad.

  1. Put all the kofta ingredients in a food processor and blend until well combined. Try and keep some texture within the mix.
  2. Shape the mixture into short koftas and place on a lined dish and chill for at least 20-30 minutes.
  3. Heat oven to 200C/180C fan/gas 6.
  4. Bake for 20-25mins turning mid-cooking.

Tzatziki: as across.

Serve the kofta with toasted pitta bread, tzatziki, and salad.

Nutritional analysis

 

 

Original kofta

Lentil Kofta Hack

 

100g

Per serving

380g

%RI

100g

Per serving

475g

%RI

kJ

726

2,764

33%

484

2,301

27%

Kcal

173

660

33%

115

547

27%

Fat g

9.6

36.6

52%

3

14

20%

Saturated fats g

4.3

16.4

82%

0.5

2.4

12%

Carbs g

12.8

48.9

19%

15.4

73.4

28%

Sugars g

2.8

10.8

12%

2.3

11.1

12%

Fibre g

1.3

4.8

16%

3.6

17.3

58%

Protein g

9.8

37.2

74%

5.5

26.2

52%

Salt g

0.92

3.52

59%

0.2

1.11

19%

Portion of 5 a day

Original

Hack

1 2


Download the full nutritional analysis with vitamin and mineral values

Carbon footprint analysis

Method and references available in tab above

Carbon footprint (kg CO2 equiv. per single serve) reduction

kg CO2 equiv. values per serving

Ingredient with biggest contribution to reduction in carbon footprint

Down 87%

Classic: 4.41

Hack: 0.56
Majority of drop attributed to the 100% switch from lamb to a lentils and oat mix. Minor improvements also gained from switching to a soya plant-based yogurt alternative dip.

Nutritional analysis - References

  1. Forestfield Software Ltd. Diet Plan version 7.00.56: McCance & Widdowson's 7th summary editions of The Composition of Foods plus the revised Composition of Foods integrated data set (CoFids) forming the complete UK Nutrient Databank. Patent Diet Plan7. 2019.

  2. Plant-based drinks and alternative to yogurts: http://www.alpro.com

The nutritional analysis was completed using products from Alpro:

Greek- style Plain alternative to yogurt 

Environmental Analysis Methodology

The project was designed to encourage consideration of all areas of increasing sustainability in popular UK meals – including seasonality, packaging, shifts from animal to plant protein, portion size and food waste.

The UK government have specific targets around the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions equivalent (GHGe) and one way to engage the pubic with this, and to encourage them to play an active role is to model the ‘carbon footprint’ of popular meals. As part of this project we have investigated only one environmental factor of our food choices - the estimated GHGe output of each recipe.  However, we must not forget the more complex and larger impact our food choices have on our planet e.g. land use, water use and pollution, soil pollution, loss of biodiversity, acidification of our oceans. 

Carbon footprint – Methodology for calculations

Each recipe was analysed for kg CO2 eq using 5 different accredited databases for kg CO2 eq of different foods.

  • All databases provided carbon footprint data as kg CO2 eq per kg food weight

Each recipes' ingredients and weight was inputted into an excel spreadsheet:

  • Best matches for each ingredient was retrieved from the accredited databases
  • Wherever possible, the UK specific accredited databases were used**
  • Where data was not available from UK databases, data was sourced from European and global databases.
  • Database CO2 eq per kg values were adjusted for the recipe specified ingredient weight​

Some ingredients could not be identified or a close match found:

  • Porridge hack: mixed frozen berries – replaced with fresh field grown local berries
  • Shepherd’s pie: Worcester sauce – omitted from calculations (used in pre and post hack recipes in the same quantities)
  • Kofta tzatziki: vinegar – omitted from calculations (used in pre and post hack recipes in the same quantities)
  • Burger classic recipe: coleslaw accompaniment – mayonnaise – omitted
  • Generic across most recipes
    • Dried herbs – value for spices used
    • Fresh herbs – values for field grown lettuce leaves used as per the herb ingredient (used in pre and post hack recipes in the same quantities)
    • Wholegrain mustard – values for mustard seeds only available
    • Stock in recipes: stock cube weight used against generic ‘spices’ database value and ‘tap water’ for volume specified in recipe.  (across both original and hacked recipes)
    • Tinned tomatoes – generic ‘tinned vegetable’ value used as closest match – Green et al 2015 – UK specific
    • Tomato puree – database values for ‘tomatoes’ multiplied by 5 (to accommodate concentration of tomatoes)
    • Wholemeal bread/pitta/burger rolls – only generic ‘bread’ values available
    • Soya alternative to yogurt – Soya drink values were used in place of this

Datasets used for analysis

  1. **Clune S, Crossin E & Verghese K. Systematic review of greenhouse gas emissions for different fresh food categories. J Cleaner Production 2017;140(Part 2):766-783

  2. **Scarborough P, Appleby PN, Mizdrak A, Briggs ADM , Travis RC, Bradbury KE, Key TJ. Dietary greenhouse gas emissions of meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans in the UK. Clim Change 2014;125(2):179-192 doi: 10.1007/s10584-014-1169-1. Epub 2014 Jun 11

  3. **Green R, Milner J, Dangour AD, Haines A, Chalabi Z, Markandya A, Spadaro J & Wilkinson P. The potential to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in the UK through healthy and realistic dietary change.  Clim Change 2015;129:253–265
  4. Poore J, Nemecek T. Reducing food's environmental impacts through producers and consumers. Science 2018;360(6392):987-992
  5. Audsley E, Brander M, Chatterton J, Murphy-Bokern D, Webster C & Williams A. (2009). How low can we go? An assessment of greenhouse gas emissions from the UK food system and the scope to reduce them by 2050. FCRN-WWF-UK.
  6. **https://www.quorn.co.uk/carbon-footprint